GPU/ASIC

zk-Rollup Technology Combined with Polynomial Commitment Schemes (PCS) and zkEVM

Overview of zk-Rollups

zk-Rollups are a Layer 2 scaling solution for blockchains that aggregate multiple transactions into a single proof. This proof is then submitted to the main blockchain, allowing for higher throughput and lower fees while ensuring security and validity through zero-knowledge proofs.

Key Benefits of zk-Rollups:

1. Scalability: By bundling transactions, zk-Rollups can significantly reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed on-chain.

2. Security: zk-Rollups inherit the security of the underlying Layer 1 blockchain, as only valid proofs are accepted.

3. Cost Efficiency: Transaction fees are minimized because the cost of proving a large number of transactions is amortized across many users.

Polynomial Commitment Schemes (PCS)

Polynomial Commitment Schemes (PCS) enhance zk-Rollups by allowing for efficient proofs of polynomial evaluations. In zk-Rollups, computations often involve polynomials, making PCS critical for achieving succinctness and efficiency in proof generation.

Key Features of PCS:

1. Commitment: The prover commits to a polynomial ( P(x) ) without revealing it, providing a hash of the polynomial.

2. Evaluation: The prover can efficiently prove that ( P(a) = y ) for a specific input ( a ) using a proof that does not reveal ( P(x) ).

3. Verification: The verifier can quickly check the proof against the commitment, ensuring the correctness of the evaluation.

Integration of zk-Rollups, PCS, and zkEVM in Wischain

System Architecture

1. zkEVM: The zkEVM executes smart contracts while generating proofs using zk-Rollups. This environment is compatible with Ethereum's existing tooling, allowing developers to deploy contracts seamlessly.

2. Rollup Aggregator: This component collects multiple transactions from users, constructs a batch, and generates a zero-knowledge proof using PCS. The proof ensures that all transactions in the batch are valid.

3. Data Availability Layer: A separate layer ensures that all necessary data for the zk-Rollup is available for verification. This layer can be decentralized, with users able to access the transaction data as needed.

Achieving 200,000 TPS

To achieve up to 200,000 transactions per second (TPS) using zk-Rollups combined with PCS and zkEVM, several technical strategies and optimizations must be implemented:

1. Parallel Processing:

   • Utilizing GPU and ASIC servers to accelerate proof generation and transaction processing. GPUs are adept at handling parallel computations, which can significantly speed up the process of executing smart contracts and generating proofs.

   • ASICs, optimized for specific hashing functions, can also enhance the performance of the commitment scheme, reducing latency in proof verification.

2. Batching Transactions:

   • Rollups should batch thousands of transactions together, creating a single proof for the entire batch. This reduces the on-chain footprint and allows more transactions to be processed in one go.

3. Efficient Circuit Design:

   • The smart contracts executed in zkEVM should be designed to minimize the complexity of the arithmetic circuits used in zk-SNARKs. This involves careful optimization of the contract logic and minimizing the use of state variables.

4. Optimized Commitment Schemes:

   • Implementing efficient polynomial commitment schemes like KZG (Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg) can further reduce the proof size and verification time, enabling rapid confirmation of transaction validity.

5. Layer 1 and Layer 2 Coordination:

   • Efficient communication protocols between Layer 1 and Layer 2 should be established to ensure that the rollup can submit proofs and state changes without congestion.

Technical Implementation

Example Code for zk-Rollup with PCS

Here's an illustrative code snippet demonstrating how zk-Rollups might be implemented using PCS in a simplified setting.

from zkrpc import ZkRollup, PolynomialCommitment

# Initialize the zk-Rollup with Polynomial Commitment
rollup = ZkRollup()
commitment_scheme = PolynomialCommitment()

# Example transaction data
transactions = [
    {'from': '0xAddress1', 'to': '0xAddress2', 'value': 10},
    {'from': '0xAddress3', 'to': '0xAddress4', 'value': 20},
    # ... more transactions
]

# Batch process transactions
proof, public_inputs = rollup.batch_process(transactions)

# Commit to the polynomial representing the batch
commitment = commitment_scheme.commit(proof)

# Submit proof and commitment to the Layer 1 chain
def submit_to_layer1(commitment, proof):
    # Assuming a Solidity smart contract for verification
    contract = WischainZkEVM()
    is_valid = contract.verifyProof(commitment, public_inputs)

    if is_valid:
        print("Proof is valid and submitted to Layer 1!")
    else:
        print("Invalid proof!")

submit_to_layer1(commitment, proof)

Utilizing GPUs and ASICs

1. GPU Optimization:

   • Implement libraries such as CUDA or OpenCL to leverage parallel processing capabilities of GPUs for tasks such as polynomial evaluations and proof generation.

   • Code example for GPU utilization might look like this (in a pseudo-CUDA style):

   __global__ void generate_proofs(Transaction* txs, Proof* proofs) {
       int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
       if (idx < num_txs) {
           proofs[idx] = zkSNARK_generate_proof(txs[idx]);
       }
   }

2. ASIC Utilization:

   • Use ASIC hardware specifically designed for zk-SNARK operations, enabling faster hashing and proof verification compared to general-purpose hardware.

   • ASIC implementations might require custom firmware and integration into the zk-Rollup infrastructure.

Conclusion

The integration of zk-Rollups, Polynomial Commitment Schemes, and zkEVM in Wischain offers a powerful architecture for achieving high transaction throughput and privacy in blockchain applications. By leveraging GPU and ASIC technology, Wischain can process up to 200,000 TPS, making it one of the leading solutions for scalable decentralized applications. This combination of technologies ensures a robust, efficient, and secure environment for developers and users, paving the way for the future of blockchain scalability.